Hanna Kokko will be giving the EEMB departmental seminar next week. Dr Kokko is a behavioral ecologist and theorist and will likely discuss her work on the evolution of sex roles, population dynamics, and sperm parasites (Amazon mollies).
Title:From individuals to populations ... and back
Date: Nov 2
Time: 4:00 pm
Location: MSR Auditorium
Jumat, 30 Oktober 2009
Kamis, 29 Oktober 2009
Fantastic opportunity
Part Time Research and Curatorial Assistant
Opportunity for Biology student with excellent computer and statistical skills to assist with curating of entomology collection, statistical analysis of collection data and creation of collection data-base. Hours are extremely flexible and can be adapted to your schedule, ideally averaging about 10 hours per week. Some work can be performed at your home, some where the collection is located about 15 minutes from campus. Potential exists for junior author status on future scientific papers.
Initial projects will include analysis of 20 years of flight period data for evidence of local impact of global warming, and comparison of post-wildfire collecting data with 10 years of base line records to evaluate habitat recovery.
This large (60,000 specimen) collection is in need of a good computerized data-base using File Maker Pro or other data base application on Mac OSX that will be compatible with data systems at two Natural History Museums. Other curatorial and collection organization tasks are also needed. This is could be a two year or even longer opportunity for the right student. There is additional potential for studies of the student's own design utilizing the collection.
Compensation: $10 per hour.
For further information or to apply contact Paul Russell, 805 682-6960, maliboo@verizon.net
Opportunity for Biology student with excellent computer and statistical skills to assist with curating of entomology collection, statistical analysis of collection data and creation of collection data-base. Hours are extremely flexible and can be adapted to your schedule, ideally averaging about 10 hours per week. Some work can be performed at your home, some where the collection is located about 15 minutes from campus. Potential exists for junior author status on future scientific papers.
Initial projects will include analysis of 20 years of flight period data for evidence of local impact of global warming, and comparison of post-wildfire collecting data with 10 years of base line records to evaluate habitat recovery.
This large (60,000 specimen) collection is in need of a good computerized data-base using File Maker Pro or other data base application on Mac OSX that will be compatible with data systems at two Natural History Museums. Other curatorial and collection organization tasks are also needed. This is could be a two year or even longer opportunity for the right student. There is additional potential for studies of the student's own design utilizing the collection.
Compensation: $10 per hour.
For further information or to apply contact Paul Russell, 805 682-6960, maliboo@verizon.net
Selasa, 27 Oktober 2009
We love you Cynthia Kenyon! A new video! (July 10th 2009)
Thank you, thank you, thank you for all your hard work Cynthia! So many diseases are caused by aging. Keeping people younger longer makes our society healthier, more experienced, and wiser. Oh this is so exciting!
Professor Cynthia Kenyon (University of California, San Francisco, USA)
Summary: Scientists have long thought that aging just happens. Yet because of their genes, different species have different lifespans. From the roundworm C. elegans, we now know that aging is regulated, by specific genes. These genes also influence life span in mammals, including humans. This system, and its evolution, will be discussed.
Professor Cynthia Kenyon (University of California, San Francisco, USA)
Summary: Scientists have long thought that aging just happens. Yet because of their genes, different species have different lifespans. From the roundworm C. elegans, we now know that aging is regulated, by specific genes. These genes also influence life span in mammals, including humans. This system, and its evolution, will be discussed.
iGEM 2009 K.U.Leuven: Essencia coli, the fragrance factory. Promo video
Video about how Essencia coli, the fragrance factory works. Visit their project's webpage at http://2009.igem.org/Team:KULeuven for more information.
IGEM 2009- Washington U Sunglasses for Sphaeroides
This is an overview of the project done in 2009 by undergraduate students at Washington University in St. Louis participating in the iGEM competition. For more information, please visit: http://2009.igem.org/Team:Wash_U
Minggu, 25 Oktober 2009
Scientists Discover Gene That 'Cancer-proofs' Naked Mole Rat's Cells
Quoted from: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/10/091026152812.htm#at
ScienceDaily (Oct. 27, 2009) — Despite a 30-year lifespan that gives ample time for cells to grow cancerous, a small rodent species called a naked mole rat has never been found with tumors of any kind -- and now biologists at the University of Rochester think they know why. The findings, presented in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show that the mole rat's cells express a gene called p16 that makes the cells "claustrophobic," stopping the cells' proliferation when too many of them crowd together, cutting off runaway growth before it can start. The effect of p16 is so pronounced that when researchers mutated the cells to induce a tumor, the cells' growth barely changed, whereas regular mouse cells became fully cancerous.
"We think we've found the reason these mole rats don't get cancer, and it's a bit of a surprise," says Vera Gorbunova, associate professor of biology at the University of Rochester and lead investigator on the discovery. "It's very early to speculate about the implications, but if the effect of p16 can be simulated in humans we might have a way to halt cancer before it starts."
Naked mole rats are strange, ugly, nearly hairless mouse-like creatures that live in underground communities. Unlike any other mammal, these communities consist of queens and workers more reminiscent of bees than rodents. Naked mole rats can live up to 30 years, which is exceptionally long for a small rodent. Despite large numbers of naked mole-rats under observation, there has never been a single recorded case of a mole rat contracting cancer, says Gorbunova. Adding to their mystery is the fact that mole rats appear to age very little until the very end of their lives.
Over the last three years, Gorbunova and Andrei Seluanov, research professor of biology at the University of Rochester, have worked an unusual angle on the quest to understand cancer: Investigating rodents from across the globe to get an idea of the similarities and differences of how varied but closely related species deal with cancer.
In 2006, Gorbunova discovered that telomerase -- an enzyme that can lengthen the lives of cells, but can also increase the rate of cancer -- is highly active in small rodents, but not in large ones.
Until Gorbunova and Seluanov's research, the prevailing wisdom had assumed that an animal that lived as long as we humans do needed to suppress telomerase activity to guard against cancer. Telomerase helps cells reproduce, and cancer is essentially runaway cellular reproduction, so an animal living for 70 years has a lot of chances for its cells to mutate into cancer, says Gorbunova. A mouse's life expectancy is shortened by other factors in nature, such as predation, so it was thought the mouse could afford the slim cancer risk to benefit from telomerase's ability to speed healing.
While the findings were a surprise, they revealed another question: What about small animals like the common grey squirrel that live for 24 years or more? With telomerase fully active over such a long period, why isn't cancer rampant in these creatures?
Gorbunova sought to answer that question, and in 2008 confirmed that small-bodied rodents with long lifespans had evolved a previously unknown anti-cancer mechanism that appears to be different from any anticancer mechanisms employed by humans or other large mammals. At the time she was not able to identify just what the mechanism might be, saying: "We haven't come across this anticancer mechanism before because it doesn't exist in the two species most often used for cancer research: mice and humans. Mice are short-lived and humans are large-bodied. But this mechanism appears to exist only in small, long-lived animals."
Now, Gorbunova believes she has found the primary reason these small animals are staying cancer-free, and it appears to be a kind of overcrowding early-warning gene that the naked mole rat expresses in its cells.
When Gorbunova and her team began specifically investigating mole rat cells, they were surprised at how difficult it was to grow the cells in the lab for study. The cells simply refused to replicate once a certain number of them occupied a space. Other cells, such as human cells, also cease replication when their populations become too dense, but the mole rat cells were reaching their limit much earlier than other animals' cells.
"Since cancer is basically runaway cell replication, we realized that whatever was doing this was probably the same thing that prevented cancer from ever getting started in the mole rats," says Gorbunova.
Like many animals, including humans, the mole rats have a gene called p27 that prevents cellular overcrowding, but the mole rats use another, earlier defense in gene p16. Cancer cells tend to find ways around p27, but mole rats have a double barrier that a cell must overcome before it can grow uncontrollably.
"We believe the additional layer of protection conferred by this two-tiered contact inhibition contributes to the remarkable tumor resistance of the naked mole rat," says Gorbunova in the PNAS paper.
Gorbunova and Seluanov are now planning to delve deeper into the mole rat's genetics to see if their cancer resistance might be applicable to humans.
This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Ellison Medical Foundation.
Adapted from materials provided by University of Rochester.
ScienceDaily (Oct. 27, 2009) — Despite a 30-year lifespan that gives ample time for cells to grow cancerous, a small rodent species called a naked mole rat has never been found with tumors of any kind -- and now biologists at the University of Rochester think they know why. The findings, presented in The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, show that the mole rat's cells express a gene called p16 that makes the cells "claustrophobic," stopping the cells' proliferation when too many of them crowd together, cutting off runaway growth before it can start. The effect of p16 is so pronounced that when researchers mutated the cells to induce a tumor, the cells' growth barely changed, whereas regular mouse cells became fully cancerous.
"We think we've found the reason these mole rats don't get cancer, and it's a bit of a surprise," says Vera Gorbunova, associate professor of biology at the University of Rochester and lead investigator on the discovery. "It's very early to speculate about the implications, but if the effect of p16 can be simulated in humans we might have a way to halt cancer before it starts."
Naked mole rats are strange, ugly, nearly hairless mouse-like creatures that live in underground communities. Unlike any other mammal, these communities consist of queens and workers more reminiscent of bees than rodents. Naked mole rats can live up to 30 years, which is exceptionally long for a small rodent. Despite large numbers of naked mole-rats under observation, there has never been a single recorded case of a mole rat contracting cancer, says Gorbunova. Adding to their mystery is the fact that mole rats appear to age very little until the very end of their lives.
Over the last three years, Gorbunova and Andrei Seluanov, research professor of biology at the University of Rochester, have worked an unusual angle on the quest to understand cancer: Investigating rodents from across the globe to get an idea of the similarities and differences of how varied but closely related species deal with cancer.
In 2006, Gorbunova discovered that telomerase -- an enzyme that can lengthen the lives of cells, but can also increase the rate of cancer -- is highly active in small rodents, but not in large ones.
Until Gorbunova and Seluanov's research, the prevailing wisdom had assumed that an animal that lived as long as we humans do needed to suppress telomerase activity to guard against cancer. Telomerase helps cells reproduce, and cancer is essentially runaway cellular reproduction, so an animal living for 70 years has a lot of chances for its cells to mutate into cancer, says Gorbunova. A mouse's life expectancy is shortened by other factors in nature, such as predation, so it was thought the mouse could afford the slim cancer risk to benefit from telomerase's ability to speed healing.
While the findings were a surprise, they revealed another question: What about small animals like the common grey squirrel that live for 24 years or more? With telomerase fully active over such a long period, why isn't cancer rampant in these creatures?
Gorbunova sought to answer that question, and in 2008 confirmed that small-bodied rodents with long lifespans had evolved a previously unknown anti-cancer mechanism that appears to be different from any anticancer mechanisms employed by humans or other large mammals. At the time she was not able to identify just what the mechanism might be, saying: "We haven't come across this anticancer mechanism before because it doesn't exist in the two species most often used for cancer research: mice and humans. Mice are short-lived and humans are large-bodied. But this mechanism appears to exist only in small, long-lived animals."
Now, Gorbunova believes she has found the primary reason these small animals are staying cancer-free, and it appears to be a kind of overcrowding early-warning gene that the naked mole rat expresses in its cells.
When Gorbunova and her team began specifically investigating mole rat cells, they were surprised at how difficult it was to grow the cells in the lab for study. The cells simply refused to replicate once a certain number of them occupied a space. Other cells, such as human cells, also cease replication when their populations become too dense, but the mole rat cells were reaching their limit much earlier than other animals' cells.
"Since cancer is basically runaway cell replication, we realized that whatever was doing this was probably the same thing that prevented cancer from ever getting started in the mole rats," says Gorbunova.
Like many animals, including humans, the mole rats have a gene called p27 that prevents cellular overcrowding, but the mole rats use another, earlier defense in gene p16. Cancer cells tend to find ways around p27, but mole rats have a double barrier that a cell must overcome before it can grow uncontrollably.
"We believe the additional layer of protection conferred by this two-tiered contact inhibition contributes to the remarkable tumor resistance of the naked mole rat," says Gorbunova in the PNAS paper.
Gorbunova and Seluanov are now planning to delve deeper into the mole rat's genetics to see if their cancer resistance might be applicable to humans.
This research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Ellison Medical Foundation.
Adapted from materials provided by University of Rochester.
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